8/9/2023 0 Comments United states valknut flag![]() Subsequently, Christian II was crowned King of Sweden, and supporters of Sten Sture were executed en masse in the Stockholm Bloodbath. Sten Sture the Younger was killed in the 1520 Battle of Bogesund when the Danish king Christian II invaded Sweden with a large army. After his death, Sweden was ruled by Svante Nilsson (1504–1512) and then Svante's son Sten Sture the Younger (1512–1520). A peasant rebellion led Sture to become regent of Sweden again in 1501. First of these protectors was Sten Sture, who kept Sweden under his control until 1497 when the Swedish nobility deposed him. Īfter the death of Karl, Sweden was mostly ruled by a series of "protectors of the realm" ( riksföreståndare), with the Danish kings attempting to assert control. When Karl died in 1470, Christian tried to become king of Sweden again, but was defeated by Sten Sture the Elder in the 1471 battle of Brunkeberg outside Stockholm. Karl and Christian fought over control of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, leading Christian to seize Sweden from him from 1457 to 1464 before a rebellion led Karl to become king of Sweden again. The death of Christopher of Bavaria (who had no heirs) in 1448 ended a period in which the three Scandinavian kingdoms were uninterruptedly united for a lengthy period. King Erik also lacked a standing army and had limited tax revenues. Discontent with the nature of King Erik's regime has also been cited as a motivating factor for the rebellion. King Erik's foreign policy, in particular his conflict with the Hanseatic League, necessitated greater taxation and complicated exports of iron, which in turn may have precipitated the rebellion. The Engelbrekt rebellion, which started in 1434, led to the overthrow of King Erik (in Denmark and Sweden in 1439, as well as Norway in 1442). Internal conflict ĭiverging interests (especially the Swedish nobility's dissatisfaction with the dominant role played by Denmark and Holstein) gave rise to a conflict that hampered the union in several intervals starting in the 1430s. The money was never paid, so in 1472 the islands were annexed by the Kingdom of Scotland. The Union lost territory when Orkney and Shetland were pledged by Christian I, in his capacity as King of Norway, as security against the payment of the dowry of his daughter Margaret, betrothed to James III of Scotland in 1468. The main reason for its failure to survive was the perpetual struggle between the monarch, who wanted a strong unified state, and the Swedish and Danish nobility, which did not. One main impetus for its formation was to block German expansion northward into the Baltic region. His coronation was held in Kalmar on 17 June 1397. ![]() Eric was subsequently elected King of Denmark and Sweden in 1396 under the banner of the House of Griffin. After Margaret defeated Albert in 1389, her heir Eric was proclaimed King of Norway. The following year, 1388, Swedish nobles called upon her help against King Albert. She adopted her great-nephew Eric of Pomerania the same year. Margaret became regent of Denmark and Norway when Olaf died in 1387, leaving her without an heir. In 1376 Olaf inherited the crown of Denmark from his maternal grandfather as King Olaf II, with his mother as guardian when Haakon VI died in 1380, Olaf also inherited the crown of Norway. Margaret succeeded in having her and Haakon's son Olaf recognized as heir to the throne of Denmark. She was a daughter of King Valdemar IV and had married King Haakon VI of Norway and Sweden, who was the son of King Magnus IV of Sweden, Norway and Scania. More personally, it was achieved by Queen Margaret I of Denmark (1353–1412). The union was the work of Scandinavian aristocracy wishing to counter the influence of the Hanseatic League, a northern German trade league centered around the Baltic and North Seas. Formally, the Danish king acknowledged Sweden's independence in 1524 at the Treaty of Malmö. Gustav Vasa's election as King of Sweden on 6 June 1523, and his triumphant entry into Stockholm eleven days later, marked Sweden's final secession from the Kalmar Union. However, their domestic and foreign policies were directed by a common monarch. Legally, the countries remained separate sovereign states. The union was not quite continuous there were several short interruptions. The Kalmar Union ( Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish: Kalmarunionen Finnish: Kalmarin unioni Icelandic: Kalmarsambandið Latin: Unio Calmariensis) was a personal union in Scandinavia, agreed at Kalmar in Sweden, that from 1397 to 1523 joined under a single monarch the three kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden (then including much of present-day Finland), and Norway, together with Norway's overseas colonies (then including Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and the Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland).
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